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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> [Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 9.4–ADSL 拨号代理 </h1>
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                <h1 id="9-4-ADSL-拨号代理"><a href="#9-4-ADSL-拨号代理" class="headerlink" title="9.4 ADSL 拨号代理"></a>9.4 ADSL 拨号代理</h1>
                <p>我们尝试维护过一个代理池。代理池可以挑选出许多可用代理，但是常常其稳定性不高、响应速度慢，而且这些代理通常是公共代理，可能不止一人同时使用，其 IP 被封的概率很大。另外，这些代理可能有效时间比较短，虽然代理池一直在筛选，但如果没有及时更新状态，也有可能获取到不可用的代理。 如果要追求更加稳定的代理，就需要购买专有代理或者自己搭建代理服务器。但是服务器一般都是固定的 IP，我们总不能搭建 100 个代理就用 100 台服务器吧，这显然是不现实的。 所以，ADSL 动态拨号主机就派上用场了。下面我们来了解一下 ADSL 拨号代理服务器的相关设置。</p>
                <h3 id="1-什么是-ADSL"><a href="#1-什么是-ADSL" class="headerlink" title="1. 什么是 ADSL"></a>1. 什么是 ADSL</h3>
                <p>ADSL（Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line，非对称数字用户环路），它的上行和下行带宽不对称，它采用频分复用技术把普通的电话线分成了电话、上行和下行 3 个相对独立的信道，从而避免了相互之间的干扰。 ADSL 通过拨号的方式上网，需要输入 ADSL 账号和密码，每次拨号就更换一个 IP。IP 分布在多个 A 段，如果 IP 都能使用，则意味着 IP 量级可达千万。如果我们将 ADSL 主机作为代理，每隔一段时间主机拨号就换一个 IP，这样可以有效防止 IP 被封禁。另外，主机的稳定性很好，代理响应速度很快。</p>
                <h3 id="2-准备工作"><a href="#2-准备工作" class="headerlink" title="2. 准备工作"></a>2. 准备工作</h3>
                <p>首先需要成功安装 Redis 数据库并启动服务，另外还需要安装 requests、redis-py、Tornado 库。如果没有安装，读者可以参考第一章的安装说明。</p>
                <h3 id="3-购买主机"><a href="#3-购买主机" class="headerlink" title="3. 购买主机"></a>3. 购买主机</h3>
                <p>我们先购买一台动态拨号 VPS 主机，这样的主机服务商相当多。在这里使用了云立方，官方网站：<a href="http://www.yunlifang.cn/dynamicvps.asp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.yunlifang.cn/dynamicvps.asp</a>。 建议选择电信线路。可以自行选择主机配置，主要考虑带宽是否满足需求。 然后进入拨号主机的后台，预装一个操作系统，如图 9-10 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-052822.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-10 预装操作系统 推荐安装 CentOS 7 系统。 然后找到远程管理面板远程连接的用户名和密码，也就是 SSH 远程连接服务器的信息。比如我使用的 IP 和端口是 153.36.65.214:20063，用户名是 root。命令行下输入如下内容：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">ssh <span class="symbol">root@</span><span class="number">153.36</span><span class="number">.65</span><span class="number">.214</span> -p <span class="number">20063</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>输入管理密码，就可以连接上远程服务器了。 进入之后，我们发现一个可用的脚本文件 ppp.sh，这是拨号初始化的脚本。运行此脚本会提示输入拨号的用户名和密码，然后它就开始各种拨号配置。一次配置成功，后面拨号就不需要重复输入用户名和密码。 运行 ppp.sh 脚本，输入用户名、密码等待它的配置完成，如图 9-11 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-052827.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-11 配置页面 提示成功之后就可以进行拨号了。注意，在拨号之前测试 ping 任何网站都是不通的，因为当前网络还没联通。输入如下拨号命令：</p>
                <figure class="highlight crmsh">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">adsl-<span class="literal">start</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>拨号命令成功运行，没有报错信息，耗时约几秒。接下来再去 ping 外网就可以通了。 如果要停止拨号，可以输入如下命令：</p>
                <figure class="highlight arduino">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">adsl-<span class="built_in">stop</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>之后，可以发现又连不通网络了，如图 9-12 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-052841.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-12 拨号建立连接 断线重播的命令就是二者组合起来，先执行 adsl-stop，再执行 adsl-start。每次拨号，ifconfig 命令观察主机的 IP，发现主机的 IP 一直在变化，网卡名称叫作 ppp0，如图 9-13 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-052851.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-13 网络设备信息 接下来，我们要做两件事：一是怎样将主机设置为代理服务器，二是怎样实时获取拨号主机的 IP。</p>
                <h3 id="4-设置代理服务器"><a href="#4-设置代理服务器" class="headerlink" title="4. 设置代理服务器"></a>4. 设置代理服务器</h3>
                <p>在 Linux 下搭建 HTTP 代理服务器，推荐 TinyProxy 和 Squid，配置都非常简单。在这里我们以 TinyProxy 为例来讲解一下怎样搭建代理服务器。</p>
                <h4 id="安装-TinyProxy"><a href="#安装-TinyProxy" class="headerlink" title="安装 TinyProxy"></a>安装 TinyProxy</h4>
                <p>第一步就是安装 TinyProxy 软件。在这里我使用的系统是 CentOS，所以使用 yum 来安装。如果是其他系统，如 Ubuntu，可以选择 apt-get 等命令安装。 命令行执行 yum 安装指令：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">yum <span class="keyword">install</span> -y epel-<span class="keyword">release</span></span><br><span class="line">yum <span class="keyword">update</span> -y</span><br><span class="line">yum <span class="keyword">install</span> -y tinyproxy</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行完成之后就可以完成 tinyproxy 的安装了。</p>
                <h4 id="配置-TinyProxy"><a href="#配置-TinyProxy" class="headerlink" title="配置 TinyProxy"></a>配置 TinyProxy</h4>
                <p>TinyProxy 安装完成之后还要配置一下才可以用作代理服务器。我们需要编辑配置文件，此文件一般的路径是 /etc/tinyproxy/tinyproxy.conf。 可以看到有一行</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Port <span class="number">8888</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在这里可以设置代理的端口，默认是 8888。 继续向下找到如下代码：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Allow <span class="number">127.0</span><span class="number">.0</span><span class="number">.1</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这行代码表示被允许连接的主机 IP。如果希望连接任何主机，那就直接将这行代码注释即可。在这里我们选择直接注释，也就是任何主机都可以使用这台主机作为代理服务器。 修改为如下代码：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"># Allow <span class="number">127.0</span><span class="number">.0</span><span class="number">.1</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>设置完成之后重启 TinyProxy 即可：</p>
                <figure class="highlight css">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">systemctl</span> <span class="selector-tag">enable</span> <span class="selector-tag">tinyproxy</span><span class="selector-class">.service</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">systemctl</span> <span class="selector-tag">restart</span> <span class="selector-tag">tinyproxy</span><span class="selector-class">.service</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>防火墙开放该端口：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">iptables -I <span class="keyword">INPUT</span> -p tcp <span class="comment">--dport 8888 -j ACCEPT</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>当然如果想直接关闭防火墙也可以：</p>
                <figure class="highlight arduino">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">stop</span> firewalld.service</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样我们就完成了 TinyProxy 的配置了。</p>
                <h4 id="验证-TinyProxy"><a href="#验证-TinyProxy" class="headerlink" title="验证 TinyProxy"></a>验证 TinyProxy</h4>
                <p>首先，用 ifconfig 查看当前主机的 IP。比如，当前我的主机拨号 IP 为 112.84.118.216，在其他的主机运行测试一下。 用 curl 命令设置代理请求 httpbin，检测代理是否生效。</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">curl -x <span class="number">112.84</span><span class="number">.118</span><span class="number">.216</span>:<span class="number">8888</span> httpbin.org/<span class="keyword">get</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如图 9-14 所示： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-052902.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-14 运行结果 如果有正常的结果输出，并且 origin 的值为代理 IP 的地址，就证明 TinyProxy 配置成功了。</p>
                <h3 id="5-动态获取-IP"><a href="#5-动态获取-IP" class="headerlink" title="5. 动态获取 IP"></a>5. 动态获取 IP</h3>
                <p>现在可以执行命令让主机动态切换 IP，也在主机上搭建了代理服务器。我们只需要知道拨号后的 IP 就可以使用代理。 我们考虑到，在一台主机拨号切换 IP 的间隙代理是不可用的，在这拨号的几秒时间内如果有第二台主机顶替第一台主机，那就可以解决拨号间隙代理无法使用的问题了。所以我们要设计的架构必须要考虑支持多主机的问题。 假如有 10 台拨号主机同时需要维护，而爬虫需要使用这 10 台主机的代理，那么在爬虫端维护的开销是非常大的。如果爬虫在不同的机器上运行，那么每个爬虫必须要获得这 10 台拨号主机的配置，这显然是不理想的。 为了更加方便地使用代理，我们可以像上文的代理池一样定义一个统一的代理接口，爬虫端只需要配置代理接口即可获取可用代理。要搭建一个接口，就势必需要一台服务器，而接口的数据从哪里获得呢，当然最理想的还是选择数据库。 比如我们需要同时维护 10 台拨号主机，每台拨号主机都会定时拨号，那这样每台主机在某个时刻可用的代理只有一个，所以我们没有必要存储之前的拨号代理，因为重新拨号之后之前的代理已经不能用了，所以只需要将之前的代理更新其内容就好了。数据库要做的就是定时对每台主机的代理进行更新，而更新时又需要拨号主机的唯一标识，根据主机标识查出这条数据，然后将这条数据对应的代理更新。 所以数据库端就需要存储一个主机标识到代理的映射关系。那么很自然地我们就会想到关系型数据库，如 MySQL 或者 Redis 的 Hash 存储，只需存储一个映射关系，不需要很多字段，而且 Redis 比 MySQL 效率更高、使用更方便，所以最终选定的存储方式就是 Redis 的 Hash。</p>
                <h3 id="6-存储模块"><a href="#6-存储模块" class="headerlink" title="6. 存储模块"></a>6. 存储模块</h3>
                <p>那么接下来我们要做可被远程访问的 Redis 数据库，各个拨号机器只需要将各自的主机标识和当前 IP 和端口（也就是代理）发送给数据库就好了。 先定义一个操作 Redis 数据库的类，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br><span class="line">79</span><br><span class="line">80</span><br><span class="line">81</span><br><span class="line">82</span><br><span class="line">83</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> redis</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> random</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Redis 数据库 IP</span></span><br><span class="line">REDIS_HOST = <span class="string">'remoteaddress'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Redis 数据库密码，如无则填 None</span></span><br><span class="line">REDIS_PASSWORD = <span class="string">'foobared'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Redis 数据库端口</span></span><br><span class="line">REDIS_PORT = <span class="number">6379</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 代理池键名</span></span><br><span class="line">PROXY_KEY = <span class="string">'adsl'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">RedisClient</span><span class="params">(object)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, host=REDIS_HOST, port=REDIS_PORT, password=REDIS_PASSWORD, proxy_key=PROXY_KEY)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        初始化 Redis 连接</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param host: Redis 地址</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param port: Redis 端口</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param password: Redis 密码</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param proxy_key: Redis 哈希表名</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.db = redis.StrictRedis(host=host, port=port, password=password, decode_responses=<span class="literal">True</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        self.proxy_key = proxy_key</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">set</span><span class="params">(self, name, proxy)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        设置代理</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param name: 主机名称</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param proxy: 代理</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return: 设置结果</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> self.db.hset(self.proxy_key, name, proxy)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">get</span><span class="params">(self, name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        获取代理</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param name: 主机名称</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return: 代理</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> self.db.hget(self.proxy_key, name)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">count</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        获取代理总数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return: 代理总数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> self.db.hlen(self.proxy_key)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">remove</span><span class="params">(self, name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        删除代理</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param name: 主机名称</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return: 删除结果</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> self.db.hdel(self.proxy_key, name)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">names</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        获取主机名称列表</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return: 获取主机名称列表</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> self.db.hkeys(self.proxy_key)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">proxies</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        获取代理列表</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return: 代理列表</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> self.db.hvals(self.proxy_key)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">random</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        随机获取代理</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        proxies = self.proxies()</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> random.choice(proxies)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">all</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        获取字典</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span><span class="keyword">return</span> self.db.hgetall(self.proxy_key)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里定义了一个 RedisClient 类，在<strong>init</strong>() 方法中初始化了 Redis 连接，其中 REDIS_HOST 就是远程 Redis 的地址，REDIS_PASSWORD 是密码，REDIS_PORT 是端口，PROXY_KEY 是存储代理的散列表的键名。 接下来定义了一个 set() 方法，这个方法用来向散列表添加映射关系。映射是从主机标识到代理的映射，比如一台主机的标识为 adsl1，当前的代理为 118.119.111.172:8888，那么散列表中就会存储一个 key 为 adsl1、value 为 118.119.111.172:8888 的映射，Hash 结构如图 9-15 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-052948.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-15 Hash 结构 如果有多台主机，只需要向 Hash 中添加映射即可。 另外，get() 方法就是从散列表中取出某台主机对应的代理。remove() 方法则是从散列表中移除对应的主机的代理。还有 names()、proxies()、all() 方法则是分别获取散列表中的主机列表、代理列表及所有主机代理映射。count() 方法则是返回当前散列表的大小，也就是可用代理的数目。 最后还有一个比较重要的方法 random()，它随机从散列表中取出一个可用代理，类似前面代理池的思想，确保每个代理都能被取到。 如果要对数据库进行操作，只需要初始化 RedisClient 对象，然后调用它的 set() 或者 remove() 方法，即可对散列表进行设置和删除。</p>
                <h3 id="7-拨号模块"><a href="#7-拨号模块" class="headerlink" title="7. 拨号模块"></a>7. 拨号模块</h3>
                <p>接下来要做的就是拨号，并把新的 IP 保存到 Redis 散列表里。 首先是拨号定时，它分为定时拨号和非定时拨号两种选择。 非定时拨号：最好的方法就是向该主机发送一个信号，然后主机就启动拨号，但这样做的话，我们首先要搭建一个重新拨号的接口，如搭建一个 Web 接口，请求该接口即进行拨号，但开始拨号之后，此时主机的状态就从在线转为离线，而此时的 Web 接口也就相应失效了，拨号过程无法再连接，拨号之后接口的 IP 也变了，所以我们无法通过接口来方便地控制拨号过程和获取拨号结果，下次拨号还得改变拨号请求接口，所以非定时拨号的开销还是比较大的。 定时拨号：我们只需要在拨号主机上运行定时脚本即可，每隔一段时间拨号一次，更新 IP，然后将 IP 在 Redis 散列表中更新即可，非常简单易用，另外可以适当将拨号频率调高一点，减少短时间内 IP 被封的可能性。 在这里选择定时拨号。 接下来就是获取 IP。获取拨号后的 IP 非常简单，只需要调用 ifconfig 命令，然后解析出对应网卡的 IP 即可。 获取了 IP 之后，我们还需要进行有效性检测。拨号主机可以自己检测，比如可以利用 requests 设置自身的代理请求外网，如果成功，那么证明代理可用，然后再修改 Redis 散列表，更新代理。 需要注意，由于在拨号的间隙拨号主机是离线状态，而此时 Redis 散列表中还存留了上次的代理，一旦这个代理被取用了，该代理是无法使用的。为了避免这个情况，每台主机在拨号之前还需要将自身的代理从 Redis 散列表中移除。 这样基本的流程就理顺了，我们用如下代码实现：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br><span class="line">79</span><br><span class="line">80</span><br><span class="line">81</span><br><span class="line">82</span><br><span class="line">83</span><br><span class="line">84</span><br><span class="line">85</span><br><span class="line">86</span><br><span class="line">87</span><br><span class="line">88</span><br><span class="line">89</span><br><span class="line">90</span><br><span class="line">91</span><br><span class="line">92</span><br><span class="line">93</span><br><span class="line">94</span><br><span class="line">95</span><br><span class="line">96</span><br><span class="line">97</span><br><span class="line">98</span><br><span class="line">99</span><br><span class="line">100</span><br><span class="line">101</span><br><span class="line">102</span><br><span class="line">103</span><br><span class="line">104</span><br><span class="line">105</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import re</span><br><span class="line">import time</span><br><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> requests.exceptions import ConnectionError, ReadTimeout</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> db import RedisClient</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 拨号网卡</span></span><br><span class="line">ADSL_IFNAME = <span class="string">'ppp0'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 测试 URL</span></span><br><span class="line">TEST_URL = <span class="string">'http://www.baidu.com'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 测试超时时间</span></span><br><span class="line">TEST_TIMEOUT = 20</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 拨号间隔</span></span><br><span class="line">ADSL_CYCLE = 100</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 拨号出错重试间隔</span></span><br><span class="line">ADSL_ERROR_CYCLE = 5</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ADSL 命令</span></span><br><span class="line">ADSL_BASH = <span class="string">'adsl-stop;adsl-start'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 代理运行端口</span></span><br><span class="line">PROXY_PORT = 8888</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 客户端唯一标识</span></span><br><span class="line">CLIENT_NAME = <span class="string">'adsl1'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">class Sender():</span><br><span class="line">    def get_ip(self, <span class="attribute">ifname</span>=ADSL_IFNAME):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">""</span><span class="string">"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        获取本机 IP</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param ifname: 网卡名称</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        "</span><span class="string">""</span></span><br><span class="line">        (status, output) = subprocess.getstatusoutput(<span class="string">'ifconfig'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> status == 0:</span><br><span class="line">            pattern = re.compile(ifname + <span class="string">'.*?inet.*?(d+.d+.d+.d+).*?netmask'</span>, re.S)</span><br><span class="line">            result = re.search(pattern, output)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> result:</span><br><span class="line">               <span class="built_in"> ip </span>= result.group(1)</span><br><span class="line">                return ip</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def test_proxy(self, proxy):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">""</span><span class="string">"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        测试代理</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param proxy: 代理</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return: 测试结果</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        "</span><span class="string">""</span></span><br><span class="line">        try:</span><br><span class="line">            response = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(TEST_URL, proxies=&#123;</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">'http'</span>: <span class="string">'http://'</span> + proxy,</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">'https'</span>: <span class="string">'https://'</span> + proxy</span><br><span class="line">            &#125;, <span class="attribute">timeout</span>=TEST_TIMEOUT)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> response.status_code == 200:</span><br><span class="line">                return <span class="literal">True</span></span><br><span class="line">        except (ConnectionError, ReadTimeout):</span><br><span class="line">            return <span class="literal">False</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def remove_proxy(self):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">""</span><span class="string">"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        移除代理</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return: None</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        "</span><span class="string">""</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.redis = RedisClient()</span><br><span class="line">        self.redis.<span class="builtin-name">remove</span>(CLIENT_NAME)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="builtin-name">print</span>(<span class="string">'Successfully Removed Proxy'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def set_proxy(self, proxy):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">""</span><span class="string">"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        设置代理</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param proxy: 代理</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return: None</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        "</span><span class="string">""</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.redis = RedisClient()</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> self.redis.<span class="builtin-name">set</span>(CLIENT_NAME, proxy):</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="builtin-name">print</span>(<span class="string">'Successfully Set Proxy'</span>, proxy)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def adsl(self):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">""</span><span class="string">"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        拨号主进程</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return: None</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        "</span><span class="string">""</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="literal">True</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="builtin-name">print</span>(<span class="string">'ADSL Start, Remove Proxy, Please wait'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            self.remove_proxy()</span><br><span class="line">            (status, output) = subprocess.getstatusoutput(ADSL_BASH)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> status == 0:</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="builtin-name">print</span>(<span class="string">'ADSL Successfully'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">               <span class="built_in"> ip </span>= self.get_ip()</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">if</span> ip:</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="builtin-name">print</span>(<span class="string">'Now IP'</span>, ip)</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="builtin-name">print</span>(<span class="string">'Testing Proxy, Please Wait'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">                   <span class="built_in"> proxy </span>= <span class="string">'&#123;ip&#125;:&#123;port&#125;'</span>.format(<span class="attribute">ip</span>=ip, <span class="attribute">port</span>=PROXY_PORT)</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="keyword">if</span> self.test_proxy(proxy):</span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="builtin-name">print</span>(<span class="string">'Valid Proxy'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">                        self.set_proxy(proxy)</span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="builtin-name">print</span>(<span class="string">'Sleeping'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">                        time.sleep(ADSL_CYCLE)</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="builtin-name">print</span>(<span class="string">'Invalid Proxy'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="builtin-name">print</span>(<span class="string">'Get IP Failed, Re Dialing'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">                    time.sleep(ADSL_ERROR_CYCLE)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="builtin-name">print</span>(<span class="string">'ADSL Failed, Please Check'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">                time.sleep(ADSL_ERROR_CYCLE)</span><br><span class="line">def <span class="builtin-name">run</span>():</span><br><span class="line">    sender = Sender()</span><br><span class="line">    sender.adsl()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在这里定义了一个 Sender 类，它的主要作用是执行定时拨号，并将新的 IP 测试通过之后更新到远程 Redis 散列表里。 主方法是 adsl() 方法，它首先是一个无限循环，循环体内就是拨号的逻辑。 adsl() 方法首先调用了 remove_proxy() 方法，将远程 Redis 散列表中本机对应的代理移除，避免拨号时本主机的残留代理被取到。 接下来利用 subprocess 模块来执行拨号脚本，拨号脚本很简单，就是 stop 之后再 start，这里将拨号的命令直接定义成了 ADSL_BASH。 随后程序又调用 get_ip() 方法，通过 subprocess 模块执行获取 IP 的命令 ifconfig，然后根据网卡名称获取了当前拨号网卡的 IP 地址，即拨号后的 IP。 再接下来就需要测试代理有效性了。程序首先调用了 test_proxy() 方法，将自身的代理设置好，使用 requests 库来用代理连接 TEST_URL。在此 TEST_URL 设置为百度，如果请求成功，则证明代理有效。 如果代理有效，再调用 set_proxy() 方法将 Redis 散列表中本机对应的代理更新，设置时需要指定本机唯一标识和本机当前代理。本机唯一标识可随意配置，其对应的变量为 CLIENT_NAME，保证各台拨号主机不冲突即可。本机当前代理则由拨号后的新 IP 加端口组合而成。通过调用 RedisClient 的 set() 方法，参数 name 为本机唯一标识，proxy 为拨号后的新代理，执行之后便可以更新散列表中的本机代理了。 建议至少配置两台主机，这样在一台主机的拨号间隙还有另一台主机的代理可用。拨号主机的数量不限，越多越好。 在拨号主机上执行拨号脚本，示例输出如图 9-16 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-052912.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-16 示例输出 首先移除了代理，再进行拨号，拨号完成之后获取新的 IP，代理检测成功之后就设置到 Redis 散列表中，然后等待一段时间再重新进行拨号。 我们添加了多台拨号主机，这样就有多个稳定的定时更新的代理可用了。Redis 散列表会实时更新各台拨号主机的代理，如图 9-17 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-053042.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-17 Hash 结构 图中所示是四台 ADSL 拨号主机配置并运行后的散列表的内容，表中的代理都是可用的。</p>
                <h3 id="8-接口模块"><a href="#8-接口模块" class="headerlink" title="8. 接口模块"></a>8. 接口模块</h3>
                <p>目前为止，我们已经成功实时更新拨号主机的代理。不过还缺少一个模块，那就是接口模块。像之前的代理池一样，我们也定义一些接口来获取代理，如 random 获取随机代理、count 获取代理个数等。 我们选用 Tornado 来实现，利用 Tornado 的 Server 模块搭建 Web 接口服务，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> json</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> tornado.ioloop</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> tornado.web</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> tornado.web <span class="keyword">import</span> RequestHandler, Application</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># API 端口</span></span><br><span class="line">API_PORT = <span class="number">8000</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">MainHandler</span><span class="params">(RequestHandler)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">initialize</span><span class="params">(self, redis)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.redis = redis</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">get</span><span class="params">(self, api=<span class="string">''</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> api:</span><br><span class="line">            links = [<span class="string">'random'</span>, <span class="string">'proxies'</span>, <span class="string">'names'</span>, <span class="string">'all'</span>, <span class="string">'count'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">            self.write(<span class="string">'&lt;h4&gt;Welcome to ADSL Proxy API&lt;/h4&gt;'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">for</span> link <span class="keyword">in</span> links:</span><br><span class="line">                self.write(<span class="string">'&lt;a href='</span> + link + <span class="string">'&gt;'</span> + link + <span class="string">'&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> api == <span class="string">'random'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            result = self.redis.random()</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> result:</span><br><span class="line">                self.write(result)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> api == <span class="string">'names'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            result = self.redis.names()</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> result:</span><br><span class="line">                self.write(json.dumps(result))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> api == <span class="string">'proxies'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            result = self.redis.proxies()</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> result:</span><br><span class="line">                self.write(json.dumps(result))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> api == <span class="string">'all'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            result = self.redis.all()</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> result:</span><br><span class="line">                self.write(json.dumps(result))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> api == <span class="string">'count'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            self.write(str(self.redis.count()))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">server</span><span class="params">(redis, port=API_PORT, address=<span class="string">''</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    application = Application([(<span class="string">r'/'</span>, MainHandler, dict(redis=redis)),</span><br><span class="line">        (<span class="string">r'/(.*)'</span>, MainHandler, dict(redis=redis)),</span><br><span class="line">    ])</span><br><span class="line">    application.listen(port, address=address)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'ADSL API Listening on'</span>, port)</span><br><span class="line">    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里定义了 5 个接口，random 获取随机代理，names 获取主机列表，proxies 获取代理列表，all 获取代理映射，count 获取代理数量。 程序启动之后便会在 API_PORT 端口上运行 Web 服务，主页面如图 9-18 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-053047.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-18 主页面 访问 proxies 接口可以获得所有代理列表，如图 9-19 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-053052.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-19 代理列表 访问 random 接口可以获取随机可用代理，如图 9-20 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-053057.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-20 随机代理 我们只需将接口部署到服务器上，即可通过 Web 接口获取可用代理，获取方式和代理池类似。</p>
                <h3 id="9-本节代码"><a href="#9-本节代码" class="headerlink" title="9. 本节代码"></a>9. 本节代码</h3>
                <p>本节代码地址为：<a href="https://github.com/Python3WebSpider/AdslProxy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/Python3WebSpider/AdslProxy</a>。</p>
                <h3 id="10-结语"><a href="#10-结语" class="headerlink" title="10. 结语"></a>10. 结语</h3>
                <p>本节介绍了 ADSL 拨号代理的搭建过程。通过这种代理，我们可以无限次更换 IP，而且线路非常稳定，抓取效果好很多。</p>
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